Sasao a Munda

Munda
Munda
Heograpiko a; pannakaiwarwaras	India, Banglades
Lingguistika a pannakaidasig	Austroasiatiko Munda;
Pannakabingbingay	Kherwari (Amianan); Korku (Amianan); Kharia–Juang, Khonda; Koraput (Remo, Savara);
ISO 639-2 / 5	mun
Glottolog	mund1335
	Pannakaiwarwaras dagiti agsasao iti Munda idiay India

Ti sasao a Munda ket ti maysa a pamilia ti pagsasao nga insasao babaen dagiti agarup a siam a riwriw a tattao idiay tengnga ken akindaya nga India ken Banglades. Isuda ket mangbukel ti sanga ti pamilia ti pagsasao ti Austroasiatiko, ken ti kayatna a sawen daytoy ket maikabagianda kadagiti pagsasao a kas ti Mon ken Khmer ken ti Bietnamis, ken dagiti pay minoridad a pagsasao idiay Tailandia, Laos ken ti Akin-abagatan a Tsina.^[1] Saan nga ammo sagiti nagtaudan ti sasao Munda, ngem inunaanda dagiti sabali a pagsasao ti akindaya nga India. Ti Ho, Mundari, ken Santali ket dagiti nadayeg a pagsasao iti daytoy a grupo.^[2]^[3]

Ti pamilia ket kadawyan a nabingbingay kadagiti dua a sanga: ti Amianan a Munda, a naisasao idiay Banak Chota Nagpur ti Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Laud a Bengal, ken Odisha, ken ti Abagatan a Munda, a naisasao idiay tengnga nga Odisha ken iti igid ti pagbeddengan a pagbaetan ti Andhra Pradesh ken Odisha.^[4]^[5]

Ti Amianan a Munda, a ti Santali ket isu ti kaaduan a naisasao, ket isu ti dakdakkel a grupo; dagiti pagsasaona ket insasao babaen ti agarup a siam a porsiento iti agsasao iti Munda. Kalpasan ti Santali, dagiti pagsasao a Mundari ken Ho ket sumarunoda a mairanggo iti bilang dagiti agsasao, sarunuen babaen ti Korku ken Sora. Dagiti nabati a sasao a Munda ken insasao babaen dagiti bassit, isolado a grupo ti tattao ken saan a nasayaat nga ammo.

Dagiti pakailasinan ti sasao a Munda ket mairaman dagiti tallo a grammatikal a bilang (bugbugtong, dual ken plural), dagiti dua a henero (animado ken inanimado), ti maysa a pannakaisalumina a pagbaetan dagiti inklusibo ken eksklusibo nga umuna a persona iti ad-adu ngem maysa a pangsandi ken ti panagusar kadagiti pangsuldong wenno dagiti katukanaynay a mangibaga iti pannakaipasamak ti gramatika.

Kadagiti sistema ti uni ti Munda, dagiti panagsasaruno ti konsonante ket karkarna malaksid iti tengnga ti balikas. Malaksid iti Korku, a dagiti silabana ket mangipakita iti pannakaigiddiat a pagbaetan ti nangato ken nababa nga tono, maipadto ti aweng iti sasao a Munda.

Pakasaritaan

Insingasing ni Paul Sidwell (2018) a mabalin a simmangpet ti proto-Munda iti aplaya ti Orissa idi agarup a 3,500-4,000 tawtawen ti napalabas manipud iti Indotsina ken kanungpalan a naiwaras kalpasan ti panagrukma ti Indo-Aryano iti Orissa.^[6]

Pannakaidasign

Ti Munda ket buklenna dagiti lima a saan a kontrobersial a sanga. Nupay kasta, dagiti panagkakabagianda ket naisuppiatan.

Diffloth (1974)

Ti dua ti partena a panangidasig ni Diffloth (1974) ket adu a nadakdakamat:

Amianan a Munda
- Korku
- Kherwariano
  - Sanga a Kherwari: Bijori, Koraku
  - Sanga a Mundari : Mundari, Bhumij, Asuri, Koda, Ho, Birhor, Kol
  - Sanga a Santali: Santali, Mahali, Turi
Abagatan a Munda
- Kharia–Juang: Kharia, Juang
- Koraput Munda
  - Sanga a Remo: Gata (Gta), Bondo (Remo), Bodo Gadaba (Gutob)
  - Sanga a Savara [Sora–Juray–Gorum] : Parengi (Gorum), Sora (Savara), Juray, Lodhi

Diffloth (2005)

Ibatbati ni Diffloth (2005) ti Koraput (linikudan babaen ni Anderson, dita baba) ngem panawanna ti Abagatan a Munda ken ikabilna ti Kharia–Juang kadagiti akin-amianan a pagsasao:

Munda

Koraput

	Remo

	Savara

Bugas a Munda

Kharia–Juang

Amianan a Munda

	Korku

	Kherwariano

Anderson (1999)

Ti singasing ni Gregory Anderson 1999 ket kas dagiti sumaganad.^[7]

Amianan a Munda
- Korku
- Kherwariano
  - Santali
  - Mundari
Abagatan a Munda (3 a sangsanga)
- Kharia–Juang
  - Juang
  - Kharia
- Sora–Gorum
  - Sora
  - Gorum
- Gutob–Remo–Gtaʔ
  - Gutob–Remo
    - Gutob
    - Remo
  - Gta’
    - Tantanap Gtaʔ
    - Turok Gtaʔ

Nupay kasta, idi2001, pinagsina ni Anderson ti Juang ken Kharia manipud iti sanga a Juang-Kharia ken sanna pay nga inraman ti Gtaʔ manipud iti dati a sangana iti Gutob–Remo–Gtaʔ. Isu a, ti singasingna idi 2001 ket mangiraman kadagiti 5 sanga para iti Abagatan a Munda.

Anderson (2001)

Suroten n iAnderson (2001) ni Diffloth (1974) makalsid iti pananglikud ti kinaumno ti Koraput. Imbes ket nga insingasingna, iti batayan ti morpolhiko a panangiyasping, a ti Proto-Abagatan a Munda ket dagus a pagsinaaen kadagiti tallo a grupo ti kabsat ni Diffloth, ti Kharia–Juang, Sora–Gorum (Savara), ken Gutob–Remo–Gtaʼ (Remo).^[8]

Ti sanga iti Abagatan a Munda ket aglaon kadagiti lima a sanga, bayat a ti sanga ti Amianan a Munda ket kapada kadagiti bagi da Diffloth (1974) ken Anderson (1999).

Sora–Gorum Juang ↔ Kharia ↔ Gutob–Remo ↔ Gtaʔ

Nota: "↔" = ket makibinningay kadagiti dadduma nga inobatibo a isogloss (estrutural, leksikal). Iti lingguistika ti Austronesio ken Papuano, daytoy ket tinawtawagan iti "pannakaisilpo" babaen ni Malcolm Ross.

Pannakaiwarwaras

Porsiento dagiti agsasao iti Munda babaen ti pagsasao

Santali (45.1%)

Ho (27.6%)

Mundari (11.3%)

Juray (5.8%)

Korku (3.5%)

Sora (2.3%)

Kharia (2.1%)

Dadduma (2.3%)

Nagan ti pagsasao	Bilang dagiti agsasao	Lokasion
Korku	478,000	Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra
Bijori	25,000	Jharkhand, Laud a Bengal
Koraku/Kodaku	15,000	Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh
Korwa	66,000	Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh
Mundari (inc. Bhumij dialect)	1,550,000	Jharkhand, Laud a Bengal
Asuri	16,600	Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha
Koda	44,000	Banglades
Ho	3,800,000	Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Assam, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh
Birhor	10,000	Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Laud a Bengal
Santali	6,200,000	Laud a Bengal, Odisha, Jharkhand, Bihar
Mahali	33,000	Jharkhand, Odisha, Laud a Bengal
Turi	2,000	Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Laud a Bengal
Kharia	294,000	Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand
Juang	50,000	Odisha
Gataq/Gta	3,000	Odisha
Bondo/Remo	9,000	Odisha
Bodo Gadaba/Gutob	8,000	Odisha, Andhra Pradesh
Parengi/Gorum	6,700	Odisha, Andhra Pradesh
Sora/Savara	310,000	Odisha, Andhra Pradesh
Juray	801,000	Odisha
Lodhi	25,000	Odisha, Laud a Bengal

Kitaen pay

Dagiti nagibasaran

Dagiti nota

^ Bradley (2012) notes, MK in the wider sense including the Munda languages of eastern South Asia is also known as Austroasiatic
^ Pinnow, Heinz-Jurgen. "A comparative study of the verb in Munda language" (PDF). Sealang.com. Naala idi 22 Marso 2015.
^ Daladier, Anne. "Kinship and Spirit Terms Renewed as Classifiers of "Animate" Nouns and Their Reduced Combining Forms in Austroasiatic". elanguage.net. Elanguage. Naala idi 22 Marso 2015.
^ Bhattacharya, S. (1975). "Munda studies: A new classification of Munda". Indo-Iranian Journal. 17 (1): 97–101. doi:10.1163/000000075794742852. ISSN 1572-8536. Naala idi 22 Marso 2015.
^ "Munda languages". languagesgulper.com. Naala idi 22 Marso 2015.
^ Sidwell, Paul. 2018. Austroasiatic Studies: state of the art in 2018 Naiyarkibo 2019-05-03 iti Wayback Machine. Presentation at the Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, Mayo 22, 2018.
^ Anderson, Gregory D.S. (1999). "A new classification of the Munda languages: Evidence from comparative verb morphology." Paper presented at 209th meeting of the American Oriental Society, Baltimore, MD.
^ Anderson, Gregory D S (2001). A New Classification of South Munda: Evidence from Comparative Verb Morphology. Indian Linguistics. Vol. 62. Poona: Linguistic Society of India. pp. 21–36.

Dagiti sapasap a nagibasaran

Diffloth, Gérard. 1974. "Austro-Asiatic Languages". Encyclopædia Britannica. pp 480–484.
Diffloth, Gérard. 2005. "The contribution of linguistic palaeontology to the homeland of Austro-Asiatic". In: Sagart, Laurent, Roger Blench and Alicia Sanchez-Mazas (eds.). The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics. RoutledgeCurzon. pp 79–82.

Adu pay a mabasbasa

Gregory D S Anderson, ed. (2008). Munda Languages. Routledge Language Family Series. Vol. 3. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-32890-X.
Anderson, Gregory D S (2007). The Munda verb: typological perspectives. Trends in linguistics. Vol. 174. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-018965-0.
Donegan, Patricia; David Stampe (2002). South-East Asian Features in the Munda Languages: Evidence for the Analytic-to-Synthetic Drift of Munda. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley Linguistics Society.
Śarmā, Devīdatta (2003). Munda: sub-stratum of Tibeto-Himalayan languages. Studies in Tibeto-Himalayan languages. Vol. 7. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. ISBN 81-7099-860-3.
Newberry, J (2000). North Munda hieroglyphics. Victoria BC CA: J Newberry.
Varma, Siddheshwar (1978). Munda and Dravidian languages: a linguistic analysis. Hoshiarpur: Vishveshvaranand Vishva Bandhu Institute of Sanskrit and Indological Studies, Panjab University. OCLC 25852225.

Dagiti akinruar a silpo

SEAlang Munda Languages Project
- SEAlang Munda Etymological Dictionary
Munda Dictionaries Project Naiyarkibo 2018-10-31 iti Wayback Machine (Kiel, Peterson)
Donegan & Stampe Munda site Naiyarkibo 2021-11-03 iti Wayback Machine
Munda languages at Living Tongues
bibliograpia
The Ho language webpage by K. David Harrison, Swarthmore College
http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-66EE-3@view Ti sasao a Munda iti Dihital nga Arkibo ti RWAAI

[1] Bradley (2012) notes, MK in the wider sense including the Munda languages of eastern South Asia is also known as Austroasiatic

[Sealang-2] Pinnow, Heinz-Jurgen. "A comparative study of the verb in Munda language" (PDF). Sealang.com. Naala idi 22 Marso 2015.

[elanguage-3] Daladier, Anne. "Kinship and Spirit Terms Renewed as Classifiers of "Animate" Nouns and Their Reduced Combining Forms in Austroasiatic". elanguage.net. Elanguage. Naala idi 22 Marso 2015.

[Bhattacharya-4] Bhattacharya, S. (1975). "Munda studies: A new classification of Munda". Indo-Iranian Journal. 17 (1): 97–101. doi:10.1163/000000075794742852. ISSN 1572-8536. Naala idi 22 Marso 2015.

[Languagesgulper-5] "Munda languages". languagesgulper.com. Naala idi 22 Marso 2015.

[6] Sidwell, Paul. 2018. Austroasiatic Studies: state of the art in 2018 Naiyarkibo 2019-05-03 iti Wayback Machine. Presentation at the Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, Mayo 22, 2018.

[Anderson1999-7] Anderson, Gregory D.S. (1999). "A new classification of the Munda languages: Evidence from comparative verb morphology." Paper presented at 209th meeting of the American Oriental Society, Baltimore, MD.

[8] Anderson, Gregory D S (2001). A New Classification of South Munda: Evidence from Comparative Verb Morphology. Indian Linguistics. Vol. 62. Poona: Linguistic Society of India. pp. 21–36.

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